You need to set better boundaries and stand up for yourself when necessary no matter what the cost or end result might be. Doesn't matter if it's someone junior or senior to you that you're talking with. From your tone of writing it seems you're trying to be overly nice and humble. Don't. Next time someone trying to drag you down despite you doing your job, be stern and assertive that you have done your part of the work. Do not apologize, do not nod your head and give in to what they are saying. Then cut them off and walk away.
If they still try to humiliate you/shout at you, remind them that they are in a professional environment and that this is no way to talk to a fellow professional.
An offhand advice I would recommend to you is pick up either lifting weights or MMA as an hobby. When you toughen up physically and mentally, you start respecting yourself more and others respect you as well. Bullys will always bully. You need to stop being the weakest one who always gets bullied. When you become outcome independent, when you build v