Am I supposed to just shut up and sign the papers that "I have read and accepted the terms and conditions" (so to speak)

This is what most large workplaces expect, yes.

Do other people do that?

Unfortunately, it is very common. However, the common attitude is a combination of this and the "Oh, I don't know what it says, I just signed whatever they gave me without really reading it" - which is a sort of a defense, I suppose.

This is unfortunate, but almost inevitable given the power relations between employers and employees in a Capitalist society.

even if I disagree about certain things?

The whole point is to make you sign things you may disagree with and then hold it over your head - legally or at least culturally.

Can I reasonably say that I have some objections, refuse to sign and keep the job (even though I am on probation)?

In most case, to do something like this, there needs to be a strong, non-corrupt, union at that workplace to back you up and prevent your getting fired. But - if there were one, that CoC might already have been challenged.

So, probably not. I suppose there may be rare exceptions, but most probably not. I'm sorry, because I've been in your shoes many a time.

Will signing this have any practical effect or is that more like a binding declaration? (I might be more willing to sign latter than the former.)

Those two options are basically the same.

Remember, though, that a CoC is sometimes a statement of what principles are supposedly adhered to but actually violated massively, so who knows.

Am I supposed to just shut up and sign the papers that "I have read and accepted the terms and conditions" (so to speak)

This is what most large workplaces expect, yes.

Do other people do that?

Unfortunately, it is very common. However, the common attitude is a combination of this and the "Oh, I don't know what it says, I just signed whatever they gave me without really reading it" - which is a sort of a defense, I suppose.

This is unfortunate, but almost inevitable given the power relations between employers and employees in a Capitalist society.

even if I disagree about certain things?

The whole point is to make you sign things you may disagree with and then hold it over your head - legally or at least culturally.

Can I reasonably say that I have some objections, refuse to sign and keep the job (even though I am on probation)?

In most cases, to do something like this, there needs to be a strong, non-corrupt, union at that workplace to back you up and prevent your getting fired. But - if there were one, that CoC might already have been challenged.

So, probably not. I suppose there may be rare exceptions, but most probably not. And it pains me to say this, because I've been in somewhat-similar situations on several occasions in my life already.

Will signing this have any practical effect or is that more like a binding declaration? (I might be more willing to sign latter than the former.)

Those two options are basically the same.

Remember, though, that a CoC is sometimes a statement of what principles are supposedly adhered to but actually violated massively, so who knows.